diff --git a/src/app.zig b/src/app.zig
index c531e36..6cee964 100644
--- a/src/app.zig
+++ b/src/app.zig
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ const log = std.log.scoped(.app);
 ///   const zterm = @import("zterm");
 ///   const App = zterm.App(
 ///       union(enum) {},
-///       zterm.Renderer.Plain,
+///       zterm.Renderer.Direct,
 ///       true,
 ///   );
 ///   // later on use
diff --git a/src/layout/Margin.zig b/src/layout/Margin.zig
index b83b9e1..8d4feb5 100644
--- a/src/layout/Margin.zig
+++ b/src/layout/Margin.zig
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ const isTaggedUnion = @import("../event.zig").isTaggedUnion;
 const Error = @import("../event.zig").Error;
 const Key = terminal.Key;
 
-const log = std.log.scoped(.layout_marging);
+const log = std.log.scoped(.layout_margin);
 
 pub fn Layout(comptime Event: type, comptime Element: type, comptime Renderer: type) type {
     if (!isTaggedUnion(Event)) {
@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@ pub fn Layout(comptime Event: type, comptime Element: type, comptime Renderer: t
         events: Events = undefined,
         config: Config = undefined,
 
-        // TODO: marging (for all 4 directions - relative!)
         const Config = struct {
             margin: ?u8 = undefined,
             left: u8 = 0,
diff --git a/src/layout/Padding.zig b/src/layout/Padding.zig
index d1fbd92..65295e5 100644
--- a/src/layout/Padding.zig
+++ b/src/layout/Padding.zig
@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@ pub fn Layout(comptime Event: type, comptime Element: type, comptime Renderer: t
         events: Events = undefined,
         config: Config = undefined,
 
-        // TODO: padding (for all 4 directions?)
         const Config = struct {
             padding: ?u16 = undefined,
             left: u16 = 0,
diff --git a/src/main.zig b/src/main.zig
index 32d557a..7289587 100644
--- a/src/main.zig
+++ b/src/main.zig
@@ -26,9 +26,8 @@ pub fn main() !void {
     const allocator = gpa.allocator();
 
     var app: App = .{};
-    var renderer = App.Renderer.init(allocator);
-    defer renderer.deinit();
-    // FIX: when not running fullscreen, the application needs to screen down accordingly to display the contents
+    var renderer: App.Renderer = .{};
+    // TODO: when not running fullscreen, the application needs to screen down accordingly to display the contents
     // -> size hint how much should it use?
 
     // var layout = Layout.createFrom(layout: {
@@ -205,6 +204,5 @@ pub fn main() !void {
             app.postEvent(e);
         }
         try layout.render(&renderer);
-        try renderer.flush();
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/render.zig b/src/render.zig
index 0772e10..a1e8db4 100644
--- a/src/render.zig
+++ b/src/render.zig
@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
 //! Renderer which holds the screen to compare with the previous screen for efficient rendering.
 //! Each renderer should at least implement these functions:
-//! - init(allocator: std.mem.Allocator) @This() {}
-//! - deinit(this: *@This()) void {}
 //! - resize(this: *@This(), size: Size) void {}
 //! - clear(this: *@This(), size: Size) !void {}
 //! - render(this: *@This(), size: Size, contents: []u8) !void {}
-//! - flush(this: @This()) !void {}
 //!
 //! Each `Renderer` should be able to be used interchangeable without having to
 //! change any code of any `Layout` or `Widget`. The only change should be the
@@ -13,117 +10,15 @@
 const std = @import("std");
 const terminal = @import("terminal.zig");
 
-const Contents = std.ArrayList(u8); // TODO: this may contain more than just a single character! (i.e. styled)
 const Cells = []const terminal.Cell;
 const Position = terminal.Position;
 const Size = terminal.Size;
 
-pub fn Buffered(comptime _: bool) type {
-    const log = std.log.scoped(.renderer_buffered);
-    return struct {
-        size: terminal.Size = undefined,
-        frame: Contents = undefined,
-
-        const EMPTY: u8 = 0;
-
-        pub fn init(allocator: std.mem.Allocator) @This() {
-            _ = log;
-            return .{
-                .frame = Contents.init(allocator),
-            };
-        }
-
-        pub fn deinit(this: *@This()) void {
-            this.frame.deinit();
-            this.* = undefined;
-        }
-
-        pub fn resize(this: *@This(), size: Size) void {
-            std.debug.assert(size.anchor.col == 1 and size.anchor.row == 1);
-            this.size = size;
-            this.frame.resize(size.cols * size.rows) catch @panic("OOM");
-        }
-
-        pub fn clear(this: *@This(), size: Size) error{}!void {
-            for (size.anchor.row..size.anchor.row + size.rows) |row| {
-                const y = this.size.cols * (row - 1);
-                for (size.anchor.col..size.anchor.col + size.cols) |col| {
-                    // log.debug("clearing index[{d}]/[{d}] at .{{ .col = {d}, .row = {d} }}", .{ y + col - 1, this.size.cols * this.size.rows, col, row });
-                    std.debug.assert(y + col - 1 < this.frame.items.len);
-                    this.frame.items[y + col - 1] = EMPTY;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        pub fn render(this: *@This(), size: Size, contents: []u8) !void {
-            var c_idx: usize = 0;
-            row: for (size.anchor.row..size.anchor.row + size.rows) |row| {
-                var fill_empty = false;
-                const y = this.size.cols * (row - 1);
-                for (size.anchor.col..size.anchor.col + size.cols) |col| {
-                    std.debug.assert(y + col - 1 < this.frame.items.len);
-                    const idx = y + col - 1;
-                    const item = contents[c_idx];
-                    if (item == '\n') { // do not print newlines
-                        // reached end of line
-                        // fill rest of col's of this row with EMPTY
-                        fill_empty = true;
-                    }
-                    if (fill_empty) {
-                        this.frame.items[idx] = EMPTY;
-                    } else {
-                        this.frame.items[idx] = item;
-                        c_idx += 1;
-                    }
-                }
-                // printed row
-                // are there still items for this row (even though there is no space left?)
-                if (!fill_empty) {
-                    // find end of line and update c_idx accordingly
-                    for (c_idx..contents.len) |c| {
-                        if (contents[c] == '\n') {
-                            c_idx = c + 1;
-                            continue :row;
-                        }
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    c_idx += 1; // skip over '\n'
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        pub fn flush(this: @This()) !void {
-            try terminal.clearScreen();
-            for (this.size.anchor.row..this.size.anchor.row + this.size.rows) |row| {
-                const y = this.size.cols * (row - 1);
-                for (1..this.size.cols) |col| {
-                    std.debug.assert(y + col - 1 < this.frame.items.len);
-                    const item = this.frame.items[y + col - 1];
-                    if (item == EMPTY) {
-                        continue;
-                    }
-                    const pos: Position = .{ .col = @truncate(col), .row = @truncate(row) };
-                    try terminal.setCursorPosition(pos);
-                    _ = try terminal.write(&.{item});
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    };
-}
-
-pub fn Direct(comptime _: bool) type {
+pub fn Direct(comptime fullscreen: bool) type {
     const log = std.log.scoped(.renderer_direct);
+    _ = log;
+    _ = fullscreen;
     return struct {
-        pub fn init(allocator: std.mem.Allocator) @This() {
-            _ = allocator;
-            _ = log;
-            return .{};
-        }
-
-        pub fn deinit(this: *@This()) void {
-            this.* = undefined;
-        }
-
         pub fn resize(this: *@This(), size: Size) void {
             _ = this;
             _ = size;
@@ -206,9 +101,5 @@ pub fn Direct(comptime _: bool) type {
                 }
             }
         }
-
-        pub fn flush(this: @This()) !void {
-            _ = this;
-        }
     };
 }
diff --git a/src/widget/node2buffer.zig b/src/widget/node2buffer.zig
deleted file mode 100644
index dfa225c..0000000
--- a/src/widget/node2buffer.zig
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,314 +0,0 @@
-///! Transform a given file type into a buffer which can be used by any `vaxis.widgets.View`
-///!
-///! Use the `toBuffer` method of any struct to convert the file type described by the
-///! struct to convert the file contents accordingly.
-const std = @import("std");
-const vaxis = @import("vaxis");
-
-/// Markdown tronsformation to convert a markdown file as a `std.ArrayList(vaxis.cell)`
-pub const Markdown = struct {
-    const zmd = @import("zmd");
-
-    const digits = "0123456789";
-
-    pub fn toBuffer(
-        input: []const u8,
-        allocator: std.mem.Allocator,
-        array: *std.ArrayList(vaxis.Cell),
-    ) void {
-        var z = zmd.Zmd.init(allocator);
-        defer z.deinit();
-
-        z.parse(input) catch @panic("failed to parse markdown contents");
-        convert(
-            z.nodes.items[0],
-            allocator,
-            input,
-            array,
-            .{},
-            null,
-        ) catch @panic("failed to transform parsed markdown to cell array");
-    }
-
-    fn convert(
-        node: *zmd.Node,
-        allocator: std.mem.Allocator,
-        input: []const u8,
-        array: *std.ArrayList(vaxis.Cell),
-        sty: vaxis.Cell.Style,
-        start: ?usize,
-    ) !void {
-        var next_start: ?usize = start;
-        var style = sty;
-
-        // determine general styling changes
-        switch (node.token.element.type) {
-            .bold => {
-                style.bold = true;
-                next_start = node.token.start;
-                style.fg = .{ .index = 5 };
-            },
-            .italic => {
-                style.italic = true;
-                next_start = node.token.start;
-                style.fg = .{ .index = 2 };
-            },
-            .block => {
-                style.fg = .{ .index = 252 };
-                style.dim = true;
-                next_start = node.token.start;
-            },
-            .code => {
-                next_start = node.token.start;
-                style.fg = .{ .index = 6 };
-            },
-            .href => {
-                next_start = node.token.start;
-                style.fg = .{ .index = 8 };
-            },
-            .link => {
-                style.fg = .{ .index = 3 };
-                style.ul_style = .single;
-            },
-            .list_item => {
-                style.fg = .{ .index = 1 };
-            },
-            else => {},
-        }
-
-        // determine content that needs to be displayed
-        const content = value: {
-            switch (node.token.element.type) {
-                // NOTE: do not support ordered lists? (as it only accepts `1.` and not `2.`, etc.)
-                .text, .list_item => break :value input[node.token.start..node.token.end],
-                .link => break :value input[node.token.start + 1 .. node.token.start + 1 + node.title.?.len],
-                .code_close => {
-                    if (next_start) |s| {
-                        next_start = null;
-                        break :value input[s + 1 .. node.token.end - 1];
-                    }
-                    break :value "";
-                },
-                .bold_close, .italic_close, .block_close, .title_close, .href_close => {
-                    if (next_start) |s| {
-                        next_start = null;
-                        break :value input[s..node.token.end];
-                    }
-                    break :value "";
-                },
-                else => {
-                    break :value "";
-                },
-            }
-        };
-
-        // display content
-        switch (node.token.element.type) {
-            .linebreak, .paragraph => {
-                try array.append(.{
-                    .char = .{ .grapheme = "\n" },
-                    .style = style,
-                });
-                style.ul_style = .off;
-            },
-            .h1 => {
-                style.ul_style = .single;
-                try array.append(.{
-                    .char = .{ .grapheme = "#" },
-                    .style = style,
-                });
-            },
-            .h2 => {
-                style.ul_style = .single;
-                for (0..2) |_| {
-                    try array.append(.{
-                        .char = .{ .grapheme = "#" },
-                        .style = style,
-                    });
-                }
-            },
-            .h3 => {
-                style.ul_style = .single;
-                for (0..3) |_| {
-                    try array.append(.{
-                        .char = .{ .grapheme = "#" },
-                        .style = style,
-                    });
-                }
-            },
-            .h4 => {
-                style.ul_style = .single;
-                for (0..4) |_| {
-                    try array.append(.{
-                        .char = .{ .grapheme = "#" },
-                        .style = style,
-                    });
-                }
-            },
-            .h5 => {
-                style.ul_style = .single;
-                for (0..5) |_| {
-                    try array.append(.{
-                        .char = .{ .grapheme = "#" },
-                        .style = style,
-                    });
-                }
-            },
-            .h6 => {
-                style.ul_style = .single;
-                for (0..6) |_| {
-                    try array.append(.{
-                        .char = .{ .grapheme = "#" },
-                        .style = style,
-                    });
-                }
-            },
-            .link => {
-                const uri = input[node.token.start + 1 + node.title.?.len + 2 .. node.token.start + 1 + node.title.?.len + 2 + node.href.?.len];
-                for (content, 0..) |_, i| {
-                    try array.append(.{
-                        .link = .{ .uri = uri },
-                        .char = .{ .grapheme = content[i .. i + 1] },
-                        .style = style,
-                    });
-                }
-            },
-            .block_close => {
-                // generate a `block` i.e.
-                // 01 | ...
-                // 02 | ...
-                // 03 | ...
-                // ...
-                // 10 | ...
-                try array.append(.{
-                    .char = .{ .grapheme = "\n" },
-                });
-                var rows: usize = 0;
-                var c: usize = 0;
-                // TODO: would be cool to not have to re-iterate over the contents
-                for (content, 0..) |char, i| {
-                    if (char == '\n') {
-                        // NOTE: start after the ```<language>
-                        if (c == 0) {
-                            c = i + 1;
-                        }
-                        rows += 1;
-                    }
-                }
-                rows = rows -| 1;
-                const pad = vaxis.widgets.LineNumbers.numDigits(rows);
-                for (1..rows + 1) |r| {
-                    try array.append(.{
-                        .char = .{ .grapheme = " " },
-                        .style = style,
-                    });
-                    try array.append(.{
-                        .char = .{ .grapheme = " " },
-                        .style = style,
-                    });
-                    for (1..pad + 1) |i| {
-                        const digit = vaxis.widgets.LineNumbers.extractDigit(r, pad - i);
-                        try array.append(.{
-                            .char = .{ .grapheme = digits[digit .. digit + 1] },
-                            .style = style,
-                        });
-                    }
-                    try array.append(.{
-                        .char = .{ .grapheme = " " },
-                        .style = style,
-                    });
-                    try array.append(.{
-                        .char = .{ .grapheme = "│" },
-                        .style = style,
-                    });
-                    try array.append(.{
-                        .char = .{ .grapheme = " " },
-                        .style = style,
-                    });
-                    for (c..content.len) |c_i| {
-                        if (r == rows and content[c_i] == '\n') {
-                            break;
-                        }
-                        try array.append(.{
-                            .char = .{ .grapheme = content[c_i .. c_i + 1] },
-                            .style = style,
-                        });
-                        if (content[c_i] == '\n') {
-                            c = c_i + 1;
-                            break;
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            },
-            .list_item => {
-                try array.append(.{
-                    .char = .{ .grapheme = "\n" },
-                });
-                for (content, 0..) |_, i| {
-                    try array.append(.{
-                        .char = .{ .grapheme = content[i .. i + 1] },
-                        .style = style,
-                    });
-                }
-            },
-            else => {
-                for (content, 0..) |_, i| {
-                    try array.append(.{
-                        .char = .{ .grapheme = content[i .. i + 1] },
-                        .style = style,
-                    });
-                }
-            },
-        }
-
-        // close styling after creating the corresponding cells
-        switch (node.token.element.type) {
-            .bold_close => {
-                style.bold = false;
-                style.fg = .default;
-            },
-            .italic_close => {
-                style.italic = false;
-                style.fg = .default;
-            },
-            .block_close => {
-                style.fg = .default;
-            },
-            .code_close => {
-                style.fg = .default;
-            },
-            .href_close => {
-                style.fg = .default;
-            },
-            .list_item => {
-                style.fg = .default;
-            },
-            else => {},
-        }
-
-        // run conversion for all childrens
-        for (node.children.items) |child_node| {
-            try convert(child_node, allocator, input, array, style, next_start);
-        }
-    }
-};
-
-pub const Typst = struct {
-    pub fn toBuffer(
-        input: []const u8,
-        allocator: std.mem.Allocator,
-        array: *std.ArrayList(vaxis.Cell),
-    ) void {
-        // TODO: leverage the compiler to create corresponding file?
-        // -> would enable functions to be executed, however this is not possible currently
-        // -> this would only work if I serve the corresponding pdf's (maybe I can have a download server for these?)
-        // NOTE: currently the typst compiler does not allow such a usage from the outside
-        // -> I would need to wait for html export I guess
-
-        // TODO: use pret parsing to parse typst file contents and transform them into `vaxis.Cell`s accordingly
-        _ = input;
-        _ = allocator;
-        _ = array;
-        @panic("Typst parsing not yet implemented");
-    }
-};